Definition and Examples of Irony (Figure of Speech)

Definition and Examples of Irony (Figure of Speech) Irony is the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. Similarly, irony may be a statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea. Adjective: ironic or ironical. Also known as  eironeia, illusio, and the dry mock. Three kinds of irony are commonly recognized: Verbal irony is a trope in which the intended meaning of a statement differs from the meaning that the words appear to express.Situational irony involves an incongruity between what is expected or intended and what actually occurs.Dramatic irony is an effect produced by a narrative in which the audience knows more about the present or future circumstances than a character in the story. In light of these different varieties of irony, Jonathan Tittler has concluded that irony has meant and means so many different things to different people that rarely is there a meeting of minds as to its particular sense on a given occasion (quoted by Frank Stringfellow in The Meaning of Irony, 1994). Etymology From the Greek, feigned ignorance Examples and Observations EarthA planet doesnt explode of itself, said drilyThe Martian astronomer, gazing off into the air- That they were able to do it is proof that highlyIntelligent beings must have been living there.(John Hall Wheelock, Earth)Kampenfeldt: This is a grave matter, a very grave matter. It has just been reported to me that youve been expressing sentiments hostile to the Fatherland.Schwab: What, me sir?Kampenfeldt: I warn you, Schwab, such treasonable conduct will lead you to a concentration camp.Schwab: But sir, what did I say?Kampenfeldt: You were distinctly heard to remark, This is a fine country to live in.Schwab: Oh, no, sir. Theres some mistake. No, what I said was, This is a fine country to live in.Kampenfeldt: Huh? You sure?Schwab: Yes sir.Kampenfeldt: I see. Well, in future dont make remarks that can be taken two ways.(Raymond Huntley and Eliot Makeham in Night Train to Munich, 1940)Gentlemen, you cant fight in here! This is the War Room.(Peter Sellers as President Merkin Muffley in Dr. Strangelove, 1964) It is a fitting irony that under Richard Nixon, launder became a dirty word.(William Zinsser)Irony in Mark Twains Novel Puddnhead WilsonDavid Wilson, the title character of Puddnhead Wilson, is a master of irony. In fact, his use of irony permanently marks him. When he first arrives in Dawsons Landing in 1830, he makes an ironic remark that the villagers cannot understand. Distracted by the annoying yelping of an unseen dog, he says, I wished I owned half of that dog. When asked why, he replies, Because I would kill my half. He does not really want to own half the dog, and he probably does not really want to kill it; he merely wants to silence it and knows killing half the dog would kill the whole animal and achieve the desired effect. His remark is a simple example of irony, and the failure of the villagers to understand it causes them immediately to brand Wilson a fool and nickname him puddnhead. The very title of the novel is, therefore, based on irony, and that irony is compounde d by the fact that Wilson is anything but a fool.(R. Kent Rasmussen, Blooms How to Write About Mark Twain. Infobase, 2008) Irony in Shakespeares Play Julius CaesarA classic example of irony is Mark Antonys speech in Shakespeares Julius Caesar. Although Antony declares, I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him, and declares that the assassins are honorable men, he means just the opposite.(Bryan Garner, Garners Modern American Usage. Oxford University Press, 2009)Uses and Characteristics of IronyIrony may be used as a rhetorical device to enforce ones meaning. It may be used . . . as a satiric device to attack a point of view or to expose folly, hypocrisy, or vanity. It may be used as a heuristic device to lead ones readers to see that things are not so simple or certain as they seem, or perhaps not so complex or doubtful as they seem. It is probable that most irony is rhetorical, satirical, or heuristic. . . .In the first place irony is a double-layered or two-story phenomenon. . . . In the second place, there is always some kind of opposition that may take the form of contradiction, incongruity, or incom patibility. . . . In the third place, there is in irony an element of innocence.(D.C. Muecke, The Compass of Irony. Methuen, 1969) An Age of IronyIt is sometimes said that we live in an age of irony. Irony in this sense may be found, for example, all throughout The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Suppose you hear a political candidate give a terribly long speech, one that rambles on and on without end. Afterward, you might turn to a friend sitting next to you, roll your eyes, and say, Well, that was short and to the point, wasnt it? You are being ironic. You are counting on your friend to turn the literal meaning of your expression, to read it as exactly the opposite of what your words actually mean. . . .When irony works, it helps to cement social bonds and mutual understanding because the speaker and hearer of irony both know to turn the utterance, and they know that the other one knows they will turn the utterance. . . .Irony is a kind of winking at each other, as we all understand the game of meaning reversal that is being played.(Barry Brummett, Techniques of Close Reading. Sage, 2010)Irony as Mass TherapyIron y has always been a primary tool the under-powered use to tear at the over-powered in our culture. But now irony has become the bait that media corporations use to appeal to educated consumers. . . . Its almost an ultimate irony that those who say they dont like TV will sit and watch TV as long as the hosts of their favorite shows act like they dont like TV, either. Somewhere in this swirl of droll poses and pseudo-insights, irony itself becomes a kind of mass therapy for a politically confused culture. It offers a comfortable space where complicity doesnt feel like complicity. It makes you feel like you are counter-cultural while never requiring you to leave the mainstream culture it has so much fun teasing. We are happy enough with this therapy that we feel no need to enact social change.(Dan French, review of The Daily Show, 2001) Alanis Morissettes IronicAlanis Morissettes Ironic, in which situations purporting to be ironic are merely sad, random, or annoying (a traffic jam when youre late, a no-smoking sign on your cigarette break) perpetuates widespread misuse of the word and outrages irony prescriptivists. It is, of course, ironic that Ironic is an unironic song about irony. Bonus irony: Ironic is widely cited as an example of how Americans dont get irony, despite the fact that Alanis Morissette is Canadian.(Jon Winokur, The Big Book of Irony. St. Martins, 2007)Direct expression, with no tricks, gimmickry, or irony, has come to be interpreted ironically because the default interpretive apparatus says, He cant really mean THAT! When a culture becomes ironic about itself en masse, simple statements of brutal fact, simple judgments of hate or dislike become humorous because they unveil the absurdity, friendliness, and caution of normal public expression. Its funny because its true. Honestly. Were all upside d own now.(R. Jay Magill, Jr., Chic Ironic Bitterness. University of Michigan Press, 2007) Alan Bennett on IronyWere conceived in irony. We float in it from the womb. Its the amniotic fluid. Its the silver sea. Its the waters at their priest-like task, washing away guilt and purpose and responsibility. Joking but not joking. Caring but not caring. Serious but not serious.(Hilary in The Old Country by Alan Bennett, 1977)Thomas Carlyle on IronyAn ironic man, with his sly stillness, and ambuscading ways, more especially an ironic young man, from whom it is least expected, may be viewed as a pest to society.(Thomas Carlyle, Sartor Resartus: The Life and Opinions of Herr Teufelsdrockh, 1833-34)Irony DeficiencyIrony deficiency  is an  informal term for the inability to recognize, comprehend, and/or utilize  ironythat is,  a tendency to interpret  figurative language  in a  literal  way.-  Mobsters are reputedly huge fans of  The Godfather. They don’t see it as a tale of individual moral corruption. They see it as a nostalgia trip to better days for the mob.(Jonah Goldberg, The Irony of Irony.  National Review, April 28, 1999)-  Irony deficiency  is directly proportional to the strength of the political commitment or religious fervor. True believers of all persuasions are irony deficient. . . .Brutal dictators are irony deficienttake Hitler, Stalin, Kim Jong-il, and Saddam Hussein, a world-class vulgarian whose art collection consisted of kitsch paintings displayed unironically.(Jon Winokur,  The Big Book of Irony. Macmillan, 2007)-  Here is something ironic: We live at a time when our diets are richer in irony than ever before in human history, yet millions of us suffer from that silent crippler,  irony deficiency  . . . not so much a deficiency in irony itself, but an inability to utilize the abundance of irony all around us.(Swami Beyondananda,  Duck Soup for the Soul. Hysteria, 1999)-  Will people who detect a lack of irony in other cultures never stop to consider that this may be a sign of their own  irony deficiency? Maybe its defensible when the apes detect a lack of irony in Charlton Heston in  Planet of the Apes, but not when, say, Brits detect it in, say, Americans as a race . . .. The point of irony, after all, is to say things behind peoples backs to their faces. If you look around the poker table and cant tell who the pigeon is, its you.(Roy Blount, Jr., How to Talk Southern.  The New York Times, Nov. 21, 2004) The Lighter Side of IronyRachel Berry: Mr. Schuester, do you have any idea how ridiculous it is to give the lead solo in Sit Down, Youre Rocking the Boat to a boy in a wheelchair?Artie Abrams: I think Mr. Schue is using irony to enhance the performance.Rachel Berry: Theres nothing ironic about show choir!(Pilot episode of Glee, 2009)​Woman: I started riding these trains in the forties. Those days a man would give up his seat for a woman. Now were liberated and we have to stand.Elaine: Its ironic.Woman: Whats ironic?Elaine: This, that weve come all this way, we have made all this progress, but you know weve lost the little things, the niceties.Woman: No, I mean what does ironic mean?Elaine: Oh.​(The Subway, Seinfeld, Jan. 8 1992)Im aware of the irony of appearing on TV in order to decry it.(Sideshow Bob, The Simpsons)Math was my worst subject because I could never persuade the teacher that my answers were meant ironically.(Calvin Trillin)Lyn Cassady: Its okay, you can at tack me.Bob Wilton: Whats with the quotation fingers? Its like saying Im only capable of ironic attacking or something.​(The Men Who Stare at Goats, 2009) Pronunciation: I-ruh-nee

Free Essays on Female Orgasm

Female Orgasm and the Question of Its Significance The orgasmic experience, shroud in an almost divine appreciation, is regarded as the peak of one’s potential for sensuous pleasure. Physiologically, orgasm is a series of rhythmic contractions of specific sexual â€Å"target organs† paralleling a release of built-up muscle tension and genital vasocongestion, swelling due to increased blood flow (Masters Matlin, 2000). Orgasm is generally perceived as the peak of sexual experience, and the significance of female orgasm has been an opposing position taken up by researchers. This idea springs from the fundamental observation that while male orgasm is essential for conception to take place, female orgasm is not, but it is being said that it can help. I hope to learn what factors, if any, female orgasm contributes to reproduction or if it’s merely just for pleasure. I will first explain the female orgasm and what takes place. Upon sexual arousal, a woman's heart beats faster and she starts breathing more quickly. Various muscles throughout her body tighten, breasts enlarge, and nipples tend to stand erect. The visible part of the clitoris also swells. Secretions begin inside and at the opening of the vagina. The labia flatten out and open up, and the vagina lengthens and widens internally. The vaginal changes are mostly due to an engorgement of blood in the pelvic area that provide a generally pleasurable warmth. As her arousal climbs, most of these changes become more pronounced. The area of principal orgasmic importance is the outer third of the vagina; what Masters and Johnson refer to as the â€Å"orgasmic platform† (p. 76). This target area is the focus of vasocongestion, increased blood flow that produces swelling of the labia and the release of moisture into the vagina, which first develops in the excitement phase. When a woman reaches orgasm this vasocongestion as well as the muscle tension that has been b... Free Essays on Female Orgasm Free Essays on Female Orgasm Female Orgasm and the Question of Its Significance The orgasmic experience, shroud in an almost divine appreciation, is regarded as the peak of one’s potential for sensuous pleasure. Physiologically, orgasm is a series of rhythmic contractions of specific sexual â€Å"target organs† paralleling a release of built-up muscle tension and genital vasocongestion, swelling due to increased blood flow (Masters Matlin, 2000). Orgasm is generally perceived as the peak of sexual experience, and the significance of female orgasm has been an opposing position taken up by researchers. This idea springs from the fundamental observation that while male orgasm is essential for conception to take place, female orgasm is not, but it is being said that it can help. I hope to learn what factors, if any, female orgasm contributes to reproduction or if it’s merely just for pleasure. I will first explain the female orgasm and what takes place. Upon sexual arousal, a woman's heart beats faster and she starts breathing more quickly. Various muscles throughout her body tighten, breasts enlarge, and nipples tend to stand erect. The visible part of the clitoris also swells. Secretions begin inside and at the opening of the vagina. The labia flatten out and open up, and the vagina lengthens and widens internally. The vaginal changes are mostly due to an engorgement of blood in the pelvic area that provide a generally pleasurable warmth. As her arousal climbs, most of these changes become more pronounced. The area of principal orgasmic importance is the outer third of the vagina; what Masters and Johnson refer to as the â€Å"orgasmic platform† (p. 76). This target area is the focus of vasocongestion, increased blood flow that produces swelling of the labia and the release of moisture into the vagina, which first develops in the excitement phase. When a woman reaches orgasm this vasocongestion as well as the muscle tension that has been b...

Refute Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Refute - Essay Example Even with the possibilities of encouraging the American citizens to take the lowly esteemed jobs, currently under the hands of the claimed illegal immigrants, by raising the minimum wage, legal Americans who are less endowed with skills will lose their jobs. Similarly, the author’s campaign for rising of minimum wages, to encourage the legal citizens of America to assume the job places they have shunned cannot be founded on facts, because there could be other reasons why Americans develop negative attitudes towards the said jobs. Moreover, putting minimum wage in place can decrease the productivity of American industries, and the competing foreign industries would have a better hand in the market, which will detriment the economy. At the same time, some small industries that may not be able to accommodate the set minimum wage would close down. By increasing the minimum wage, and not putting measures against the illegal immigration, can lead to advantaging the already settled immigrant by enhancing their pay. The illegal immigration is thus better dealt with by employing other avenues than raising the minimum wage. The building of walls as recommended by the president can reduce the illegal, immigrations as per se, by approaching the problem from its basis. Building walls does not have to imply to what the authors have made it (Dukaki & Mitchel, 2006). A better dimension of its application can be obtained objectively instead of disqualifying the whole package of the idea based on some unfounded hypothesis. After all, strictness is what the issue of illegal immigrations calls for. Finally, viewing the issue of illegal immigrations in the perspectives of wages alone can lose the meaning of the whole

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Management - Essay Example The basic idea that runs in our mind when we mention personal investment is about the risks and returns, but in reality we ask ourselves are this really the main concerns we ought to look at? In order to understand well this question I undertook a comprehensive look into the factors that affect personal investment in the UK., Personal investment To begin with, we need to understand what personal investment entails. Personal investing is one of the important components that one needs to understand while undertaking personal finance. Personal investment and personal finance are two terms that in many occasions are used interchangeably. However, it is worth noting that as much as one could use them to mean the same thing, in reality they have a slight difference. Personal finance is the broader term that describes the process of effective organization or management of assets that are in the possession of the family or an individual (Tatum, 2006). Therefore, the basic definition for pers onal investment will be a component of personal finance that involves taking investment activities such as undertaking a secure financial cushion that will cater for later years. One can also put it as, a long-term personal commitment that involves inherent risks and accrues regular income or leads to capital growth (Hargreaves Lansdown, 2009). The relationship between risk and return The key question in this symposium is whether personal investment only revolves around risks and returns. From my own opinion, I will agree with the question. The main reason we would be all want to carryout personal investment is for the returns, which determine how our future will turn out (My Wealth Guide, 2008). On the other hand, we cannot talk about returns and leave out risks because the two go hand in hand. Therefore, to be able to answer this question comprehensively we first need to understand what the relationship between risk and returns. This is because, for anyone who wishes to put his mo ney in an investment, the primary concept they need to understand is the relationship between the risks involved and the returns of the investment. It is worth noting that, in investment, the basic trick that an investor has to be aware of is that the more risk an investment has, the higher the chances of having a better return (TD Direct Investing Ltd., 2010). Therefore, before taking the risk one should have an idea of which risks as an individual one would be willing to take in order to generate more returns with the hope that the risk does not occur. This is why in order to formulate a good investment plan; you will need to asses each available risk that you are willing to undertake. There are many risks in the field of investment and when we look at each risk in detail can take a very long time. However, I have compiled a few of the major risks that tend to affect personal investment in the UK that are as following. We have the: Inflationary risk One think we can all agree on i s that the past few years have not been some of the best for UK and the world in terms of the economy. Moreover, this is where the inflationary risk comes in to play. The risk means that the value of an asset becomes lesser as inflation reduces the value of the country’s currency. Liquidity risk It refers to the risk that you as an investor may encounter when you have a need for liquid assets but are unable to sell or buy an investment because of the

Uncle Vanya Essay Example for Free

Uncle Vanya Essay In Uncle Vanya by Anton Chekhov each character involved in the making of this play is not satisfied or content with life. They feel their life is a waste and they are still wasting them. Uncle Vanya, the character base of this play envies his brother in law, the professor because he is able to attract the ladies in spite of having no penny in his pocket. Astrov, the doctor, is discontent because all his life he has worked hard without any rest and he has nothing to boast about with him today. He has grown old, he has nothing to give him company but his vodka. Sonya, daughter of the professor, is in love with the doctor and is unsure of his love. She is unhappy because deep down she knows he is not in love with her but she is a more practical soul then the others. Sonya is not exactly content but she has her way of solving problems in her life as well as others lives. Yelena, the professor’s second wife, though attracted to the professor initially was never in love with him. She stays in the marriage more due to her conscience then for love. She has affectionate feelings for Astrov who reciprocates them but there is no future for that. Maria Vasilevna Voinitskaya, uncle vanya’s mother, is frustrated and unhappy waiting for the long journey towards end of life. Reading some pamphlets and writing is the only way she keeps herself occupied. Professor Alexander Vladimirovich Serebryakov, is a man who has no penny with him and is forced to stay in the estate of his first wife. He is not happy doing that and wishes to sell of the estate to buy a villa which creates a havoc. Telegin’s wife left him for someone else because of his looks and now he has to take care of his wife and her family. Marina, the old nurse, though irritated with the changed schedule, is a pleasant change from the frustrated atmosphere. From all this we know that none of the characters are content or satisfied.

Twentieth Century History of South Africa Essay -- African History

The twentieth century history of South Africa contains many struggles and obstacles as its people worked towards creating a more unified country. Modern human beings have inhabited South Africa for more than 100,000 years and a great deal of colonization has occurred within the last 300 years. During the late 18th century, 90 Dutchmen landed on the Cape of Good Hope as part of the Dutch East India Company, representing the first permanent settlers of South Africa. In 1652, they were instructed to build a fort and to start growing crops to aid the ships travelling along the Eastern trade route. Five short years later, approximately 250 white men occupied the area, bringing with them slaves to aid in growing more crops. Their farmland began to expand, and the native South Africans concern of expanding Dutch colonization was becoming a reality. Immigration was encouraged in the 19th century, and the independent farmers called â€Å"trekboers† started to expand their farmlan d to the north and east. Slaves brought into South Africa by the white colonists created a mixed race group known as â€Å"colored†, creating a mixture of race and culture seen today in South Africa. Native South Africans were losing ground to this expanding Dutch colony and their slaves (Southafrica.info, 2012, pg. 1). According to the U.S. State Department (2012), African farmers known as the Boers began to migrate into South Africa in 1836. These colonists fled to Africa partly to escape British rule and due to the recent abolition of slavery in Britain. This created strife and conflict with the native South Africans, the most formidable being the Zulus. The leader of the Zulus, Shaka, reigned over the area from 1787 to 1828. Under him, the Zulus were able... ...racial election. The citizens of Africa are counting on South Africa's post-apartheid governments to continue the trend of reformation and reconciliation. References A Short History of South Africa - SouthAfrica.info. (n.d.). South Africa's official gateway - investment, travel, country information - SouthAfrica.info. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/history.htm History of South Africa. (n.d.). HistoryWorld - History and Timelines. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=588&HistoryID=aa62>rack=pthc Jost, K. (1994). Can South Africa make the transition to a non-racial democracy?. South Africa's future (pp. 1-25). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. South Africa. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.htm#political

Dophus Raymond Essay

In the book, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the people of Maycomb are prejudice. According to them, the only way a white man would be able to like a black man more than a white man is if he was an alcoholic or had some type of dysfunction. This applies to the majority of the people in Maycomb. Dolphus Raymond, however, is not part of this stereotype. He doesn’t have a dysfunction and only pretends to be an alcoholic. Mr. Raymond is both caring and sly. When Dolphus Raymond sees Dill come out of the courthouse crying, he tries to comfort him and help him feel better. This shows that Dolphus Raymond is caring. Dolphus Raymond then calls Dill to come to him and says, â€Å"Here, offering Dill his paper sack with straws in it. Take a good sip, it’ll quieten you. †(Lee, 200) This shows he is caring because he gives Dill some of his Coca-Cola to help him. Mr. Raymond reaches out to Dill when he is crying to help him feel better. Then, after Scout asks why he pretends to be an alcoholic he says,† Wh-oh yes, you mean why do I pretend? †¦. Some folks don’t-like the way I live. Now I could just say to hell with ‘em, I don’t care if they don’t like it. I do say I don’t care if they don’t like it, right enough-but I don’t say the hell with ‘em see? †(Lee, 200) This shows that even though people don’t like the way he lives, he still pretends to be an alcoholic for people to latch on a reason why he lives the way he does. Also, even though it’s fake, he gives them a reason to understand why he lives a certain way.. Dolphus Raymond is sly as well. When Scout finds out whiskey isn’t in the sack she says,† You mean all you drink in that sack’s Coca-Cola? Just plain Coca-Cola? † â€Å"Yes ma’am, Mr. Raymond nodded. (Lee, 200) He pretends to drink whiskey to help people latch on a reason why he likes blacks more than whites. Dolphus Raymond pretends to drink whiskey, but everyone else is the town thinks it is whiskey. People don’t understand his ways, so they just blame it on his drinking because they don’t understand how he could like a black man more than a white one. He walks around pretending he is drunk. † When I came into town, which is seldom, if I weave a little and drink out of this sack, folks can says Dolphus Raymond’s in the clutch of whiskey-that’s why he wont change his ways. (Lee, 200) People think he has poor judgment because he pretends to be drunk, so they believe he won’t be able to change his ways. He is also acting like an alcoholic and like a drunk, so people can have a reason to understand why he lives his life the way he does. Dolphus Raymond isn’t an alcoholic or a drunk. He shows how caring and sly he is when he talks to the kids outside the courthouse. The people of Maycomb just can’t understand his reasoning concerning blacks and whites. They expect him to live prejudice like them. He has to pretend to be disorderly, so people can have a reason for his actions and preferences.

A Detailed Lesson Plan-Developmental Reading Essay

I. Objectives At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: a. Define reading b. Enumerate the types of reading c. Specify the purposes of reading d. Demonstrate the proper postures in oral reading II. Subject Matter Developmental Reading I References: 1. Developmental Reading I, Dr. Edisteo B. Bernardez Page 4-5 2. Developmental Reading, Dr. Angelita Romero Dr. Rene Romero III. Materials: Powerpoint presentation, video clips and pictures IV. Procedure: 1. The teacher will assign a student to read a selection. 2. Discussion of the subject A. Definition of reading B. Enumeration of the types of reading C. Specify the purposes of reading D. Demonstration of the proper postures in oral reading V. Application After the discussion, the teacher will give students oral reading activity. VI. Evaluation The teacher will ask his/her students to read a selection and check the students’ if they observed the proper oral reading postures. Rubric Criteria Proper standing position Connection with audience 4- Outstanding 3- Very Satisfactory 2- Fair 1- Needs improvement VII. Assignment VIII. Reference: Landy, Joseph V. Insight A Study of a Short Story. Metro Manila: National Bookstore, Inc. 1983 Purpura, Jeanne F. Runaways for English, Quezon City: JFC Publishing House, Inc. 2006 www. google.com.ph Mario Salamat II Importance of Lesson Plan By adasyuhada | March 2011 Lesson plan prepares a lot of importance and benefit to the teachers and learners. Hence, here there are following importance that included in lesson plan. First, lesson plan shows the importance in teacher parts. Mostly, teachers use the lesson plan as their guide to teach the same subject or topic for a presentation. As a result, it keeps them on track to accomplish the objectives. For instance, teachers must do arrangement the contents in logically order to make lesson go in sequence. In addition, to be lesson plan is well organized, usually the teachers will do early preparation the lesson plan to make it smooth running of the lesson. As example, teachers should prepared all equipments is needed in their teaching. Examples of  equipment are computer, projector, handouts or white board and marker pen. Without all these things absolutely the teaching is not takes placed. Besides that, lesson plan produced an effective teaching. It shows the effectiveness in teaching when it provides benefit to both sides such as teacher and learner. For example, the learners will more easily understand the teaching. From that, it promotes high level of confidence between teachers and learners. Furthermore, lesson plan is possible introduction of education technology. As we can see nowadays, most the teaching session will used the materials based on technology products. This can proved that educational level is developing towards the world. In addition, lesson plan also provides the room to teacher for evaluation and assessment for their teaching. LESSON PLANNING BY HARRY DOODS AND LORNA SMITH This deals with the absolute bare bones of planning. For a fuller picture, please also look at the related articles, ‘Bloom’s Taxonomy’, ‘Starters and Plenaries’, ‘What makes an effective lesson?’, and ‘Assessment’ – but read this first. Writing your first lessons plans will take you a long time. Don’t despair – this will become quicker and easier as you begin to internalise all the information and skills that lie beneath a good plan. Why is a lesson plan important? Because it: †¢provides you with a structured ‘route’ through your lesson so that you can be sure of meeting your lesson objective(s). †¢gives you a secure base from which you can project to your class the impression that you are organised and that you know what you are doing. (That is one of the important elements of effective behaviour management.) †¢provides you, your mentor, your tutors and colleagues with insights into the way you are approaching your teaching, and shows that you are helping your pupils make progress. †¢offers (over a number of lessons) evidence that you are addressing the requirements of almost every Standard other than Q17. What is a lesson plan? It’s a simple statement of: †¢what your pupils are going to learn †¢how you intend them to learn it †¢how you will know that the learning has taken place. How do I write a lesson plan? Stage 1 The starting point for any lesson plan must be, ‘What do I want pupils to learn?’ If you begin by answering that question, and call your answer a ‘Learning Objective’, then your planning will stay focused. If you look at the ‘Bloom’s Taxonomy’ resource, you will find some active verbs that might help you identify the Learning Objective and build sequences of learning. Unless it is a ‘one off’ lesson, the Learning Objective will usually come from a Medium Term Plan, or Scheme/Unit of Work – either one that you have prepared yourself, or one prepared by your school. Stage 2 Your course documents will include a standard proforma for writing lesson plans. Your school will have its own version, not necessarily the same. (Your university will provide guidance on which proformas to use and when.) A lesson plan will usually contain these elements: 1.A context. Indicate where the lesson fits into the Medium Term Plan / Scheme of Work or Programme of Study. Use references to the National Curriculum – e.g. EN3 1b – and / or Assessment Objectives drawn from exam specifications. 2.A statement both of success criteria and of the means by which you will assess the success of the lesson – what learning has taken place, and how effectively. Make these explicit to the class, probably early in the lesson. 3.An outline of your proposed activities, with an approximation of timings. Anticipate likely difficulties here, and record not just what you will do, but how you will do it. For example, if you want pupils to move to the front of the classroom, think how you will manage the movement so you don’t provoke a single mad rush of thirty bodies. ‘Pupils move to the front in threes and fours and sit where directed’ would do. It is crucial to remember that the proposed activities should always lead the pupils in the direction of the Learning Objective: you must be clear about  WHY each activity is a necessary element of the lesson (and your university may ask you to justify the learning outcome of each activity on your plan). In other words, however engaging or fun your idea is, if it doesn’t contribute toward the end goal, don’t do it! (File away your idea for another time†¦) At this point in your planning, be specific about: †¢how you will begin and end the lesson †¢how you will group pupils †¢how you will manage transitions between activities and separate phases of the lesson. 4.Statements of individual pupils’ specific learning needs, determined with reference to IEPs, EAL, SEN, G & T, learning and / or behaviour targets, or other requirements, and of how you propose to meet those needs. These are the first steps towards providing effective differentiation. 5.Acknowledgement of the role a TA or LSA might play in the lesson. 6.An account of the resources you will use – everything from texts and worksheets to glue and scissors. Again, make your strategies for managing these resources quite clear. The same goes for your use of audio-visual or other equipment. 7.Use of ICT, with a clear statement of the ways in which it enhances learning. 8.Notes on Health and Safety considerations. In the typical English classroom this is usually about stray cables and stowing bags under tables, but, again, anticipate. If, for the first two or three lessons you feel saf er by writing yourself a script, that’s fine, but as you become more confident you should be able to move towards a more economical model. The exception to this advice is when you are structuring a sequence of questions. There’s nothing wrong with scripting them, just to be sure that you don’t miss out something important – and try to be prepared to be flexible. Stage 3 – Assessment How will you know that any learning has taken place? You can’t just assume it, so you must at some point, or points, during the lesson build in opportunities to check pupils’ understanding, whether that be orally or by more formal means. Again, be specific about how you will do this. Planning in Practice – getting the structure right Inspired by the National Strategy, most ‘model’ lesson plans contain four parts: Part 1. A short starter activity, involving the whole class in some way. This is as much as anything to engage pupils in the lesson and to wake them up, but should also assess or refresh prior knowledge, to bridge learning from previous lessons into the current one. Five to ten minutes is usually quite long enough. Part 2. An introduction to the main points that you want pupils to learn, perhaps through contextualisation, questioning, or plain exposition. Part 3. Development and consolidation. In this phase, encourage pupils to make the new learning their own, perhaps by applying it or re-stating it. Pupils might work in groups, pairs, individually, or in a mixture of all three, depending on how you have decided is best to meet the Learning Objectives. Part 4. Plenary. In this phase, you make the learning explicit, perhaps by structured questioning, feedback from pupils as presentations or as brief accounts. Pupils should be able to articulate in some way what they have learnt in the lesson, and you will be able to assess what learning has taken place, and how effectively. When you observe teachers in schools, consider how far each of them follows this four-part plan, and the reasons for any deviations from it. For example, you may see teachers conduct ‘mini-plenaries’ midway through the lesson. Talk with teachers about how they structure their lessons and their reasons for doing so.

Bon Jovi essays

Bon Jovi essays Bon Jovi is a popular pop/rock band. The band members are Jon Bon Jovi, Richard Sambora, David Bryan, and Tico Torres. The rock group, Bon Jovi, was formed in 1983.Over the years the rock group has won many awards. In 1987 they were awarded the American Music Award for the Best Pop/Rock Band, Duo or Group. Then in 1990 they won the Golden Globe Award for Best Song for their song, Blaze of Glory, from Young Guns II soundtrack. Many thought that Bon Jovi had passed its peak when the rock world was changed by the rise of alternative music, but the band overcame that musical climate problem and even became more popular. Some critics dismiss the band as lite metal and, more recently as a hair band; however, Bon Jovi has found true love with the ones who really count: radio, video, and the fans. The main reason the band has stayed popular over the years is due to their sincerity of feeling that comes through in their heartfelt lyrics and emotion-packed sound. The members of Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi is the lead singer for the band. Jon was born on March 2, 1962 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Jon Bon Jovis birth name was John Bongiovi. A record executive, Derek Shulman, with the record company Polygram changed John Bongiovis name to Jon Bon Jovi. Jons father is John Bongiovi, a hairdresser, and his mother is Carol Bongiovi. Jon has two brothers, Anthony and Matthew. He grew up in Sayreville, New Jersey. He was in the band, Raze, in the eighth grade. Then he attended Sayreville War Memorial High School. During his early teens he was hanging out at local clubs convincing people that one day he would be a rock star. Jon was influenced by rock stars like...

An Overview of Lingua Franca and Pidgins

An Overview of Lingua Franca and Pidgins Throughout the course of geographic history, exploration and trade have caused various populations of people to come into contact with each other. Because these people were of different cultures and thus spoke different languages, communication was often difficult. Over the decades though, languages changed to reflect such interactions and groups sometimes developed lingua francas and pidgins. A lingua franca is a language used by different populations to communicate when they do not share a common language. Generally, a lingua franca is a third language that is distinct from the native language of both parties involved in the communication. Sometimes as the language becomes more widespread, the native populations of an area will speak the lingua franca to each other as well. A pidgin is a simplified version of one language that combines the vocabulary of a number of different languages. Pidgins are often just used between members of different cultures to communicate for things like trade. A pidgin is distinct from a lingua franca in that members of the same populations rarely use it to talk to one another. It is also important to note that because pidgins develop out of sporadic contact between people and is a simplification of different languages, pidgins generally have no native speakers. The Lingua Franca Arabic was another early lingua franca to develop because of the sheer size of the Islamic Empire dating back to the 7th Century. Arabic is the native language of the peoples from the Arabian Peninsula but its use spread with the empire as it expanded into China, India, parts of Central Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and parts of Southern Europe. The empire’s vast size exhibits the need for a common language. Arabic also served as the lingua franca of science and diplomacy in the 1200s because, at that time, more books were written in Arabic than any other language. The use of Arabic as a lingua franca and others such as the romance languages and Chinese then continued worldwide throughout history as they made it easier for diverse groups of people in different countries to communicate. For example, until the 18th Century, Latin was the main lingua franca of European scholars as it allowed easy communication by people whose native languages included Italian and French. During the Age of Exploration, lingua francas also played an enormous role in allowing European explorers to conduct trade and other important communications in the various countries in which they went. Portuguese was the lingua franca of diplomatic and trade relations in areas like coastal Africa, portions of India, and even Japan. Other lingua francas developed during this time as well since international trade and communication was becoming an important component to nearly every area of the globe. Malay, for instance, was the lingua franca of Southeast Asia and was used by Arab and Chinese traders there prior to the arrival of the Europeans. Once they arrived, people like the Dutch and British used Malay to communicate with the native peoples. Modern Lingua Francas United Nations The Pidgin In order to create a pidgin, there needs to be regular contact between the people speaking different languages, there needs to be a reason for communication (such as trade), and there should be a lack of another easily accessible language between the two parties. In addition, pidgins have a distinct set of characteristics that make them differ from the first and second languages spoken by the pidgin developers. For example, the words used in a pidgin language lack inflections on verbs and nouns and have no true articles or words like conjunctions. In addition, very few pidgins use complex sentences. Because of this, some people characterize pidgins as broken or chaotic languages. Regardless of its seemingly chaotic nature though, several pidgins have survived for generations. These include the Nigerian Pidgin, the Cameroon Pidgin, Bislama from Vanuatu, and Tok Pisin, a pidgin from Papua, New Guinea. All of these pidgins are based mainly on English words. From time to time, long-surviving pidgins also become more widely used for communication and expand into the general population. When this happens and the pidgin is used enough to become the primary language of an area, it is no longer considered a pidgin but is instead called a creole language. An example of a creole includes Swahili, which grew out of Arabic and Bantu languages in eastern Africa. The language Bazaar Malay, spoken in Malaysia is another example. Lingua francas, pidgins, or creoles are significant to geography because each represents a long history of communication between various groups of people and is an important gauge of what was taking place at the time the language developed. Today, lingua francas especially but also pidgins represent an attempt to create universally understood languages in a world with growing global interactions.

A Price Discrimination and a Single-Pricing Strategy Essay

A Price Discrimination and a Single-Pricing Strategy - Essay Example Instead of charging a uniform price to everyone, the cable TV company can think in terms of charging the customers with respect to the number of paid channels they would like to watch. For some customers may not like sports channels and some others may not like movie channels. The cable TV company can think in terms of allowing the customers to select the channels they would like to watch and based on that the company can decide the prices of the service. Thus customers will get much more flexibility in selecting channels and controlling their budget for watching television channels. At the same time, it should be noted that the cable TV company may not lose any revenue since more customers will come forward to purchases such services because of the increased flexibility in selecting channels. In a perfectly competitive market, sellers may not get the freedom to fix the price. If they set a price above the market price, nobody will buy their product in a competitive market. In short, they will get only a normal profit in the long run. Some firms may fix higher prices for their products if the competition is less. Such firms will get abnormal profits in the short run. The abnormal profit earned by a single firm in a market will encourage other forms to enter the market and therefore supply will increase and the price would come down. Long run average cost curves represent the economies of scale and diseconomies of scale as far as a firm is concerned. Economies of scale mean the ability of a firm to reduce the unit price of a product with the help of bulk production.

PROJECT mANAGEMENT( CASE STUDY) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PROJECT mANAGEMENT( CASE STUDY) - Essay Example Number in the top of the set is the time this activity individual requires or the total time allocated to complete this activity. Compartment with 0 carries the point in time particular activity can be started. Therefore Activity A can be started at 0 point in time means that as soon as the project started and it is the Earliest Start Time (Anantatmula, 2010). Whereas Compartment with 7 refers total time consumed after completing this particular activity which means it shows the Earliest Finish Time (Brotherton, Fried, and Norman, 2008). Bottom right compartment is the time of latest finish activity. For instance, activity can be finished at the latest by 10 weeks and any further delay than 10 weeks would impact total duration of the project. Number below the complete box refers the amount of time (weeks in under study case) this particular activity can be delayed without affecting the total project time; called float (Brotherton, Fried, and Norman, 2008). For instance, activity A ca n be delayed to maximum of 3 weeks without affecting the total project time. This delay would also allow this activity to be included in the critical path and as the gap available for delay would entirely be consumed by the initially activity. So an activity can be represented as follows: Duration of the project Earliest Start Time A Earliest Finish Time Latest Start Time Latest finish Time float Path identified with red arrow is the critical path. Critical path refers to path or the flow of activities that are critically dependent on each other and delay in these activities would immediately result in delay of the project. Critical path of this project includes following activities: B-E-H-J-K-L. It is identified with activities that have zero (0) float; referring to no time cushion to delay this particular activity. It is the longest path and any delay in these activities will delay the entire project. The float of the activity D and F are 3 weeks and 1 week respectively. This mean s that activity D and activity F can be delayed by 3 weeks and 1 week respectively and this delay would have no impact on the duration of the project and project will be still completed on time. However, any delays in these activities with more than the stated time would impact completion of project on time (Alojairi, and Safayeni, 2009). Activity F has a float of 1 week and delay in this would affect the overall time required to complete the project. Manager in order to reduce time for delay in the critical path can take the benefit of float of F and G and shall take up both activities parallel. Hence, this way, two weeks benefit will be in hand to project manager. Within these two weeks manager can allocate additional resources for such as multiple panel for hiring and training staff in order to complete the project within due time or minimizing the delay. ANSWER # 1 (b) Each component of the project plays its part in order to complete the project within the duration. However, amo ng large number of factors few are regarded as critical and discrepancy on these factors such as delays can resultantly cause the delay of the entire project along with cost also being affected. Being critical these factors require considerable attention to ensure minimization of the discrepancy chances (Bredillet, 2005). For the given project of developing petrol station with convenience stores being market already explored by Tesco Metro and Sainsbury’s Local but with distinction to exploit the high income class