Questioning the Psychologists’ Involvement Essays

Questioning the Psychologists’ Involvement Essays Questioning the Psychologists’ Involvement Paper Questioning the Psychologists’ Involvement Paper Defining and understanding the concept of torture according to the first article of the UN declaration against torture entails a careful scrutiny of its three pillars: the relative intensity of pain or suffering inflicted; the purposive element; and the status of perpetrator. An act would then be torture when the pain is severely inflicted in an aggravated form of cruel degrading treatment and punishment in order for a public official to obtain necessary information (American Society of International Law). All of these three key pillars were reported to be present in a detailing facility in Guantemana, where several psychologists are employed. These practitioners were accused of abusing psychology to get information withheld by detainees. In an article by Neil Lewis, several tactics used in the facility include techniques that violate human rights (cited in Summers, 2007). Stephen Soldz in his article â€Å"a profession struggle to save its soul†, described these techniques as behavior modification (2006). A New Yorker told â€Å"democracy now! † that a psychiatrist gave an overview of what happens inside the detaining facility. A specific prisoner would receive only seven squares of toilet paper in a day. They also sometimes use one’s fear in order to breakdown a prisoner for instance; they would confine someone who feared total darkness in a dark place. Another behavioral scientist even promoted the use of learned helplessness in treating detainees (Soldz, 2006). American Psychologists Association’s Move The outbreak of these disturbing reports earned the American Psychologists Association lot of criticism its integrity have been continuously questioned as they get themselves involved in military and security related setting. To address this issue and to help guide psychologist in facing ethical challenges in these situations a taskforce on psychological ethics and national security was established by the then president Dr. Ron Levant. These taskforce consisted of individual equipped with extensive experience in working under a security related setting and individuals that have a different point of view. This taskforce was assigned to examine this issue and to release a guideline based on the association’s code of ethics (Behnk, 2006). In June 2005, the taskforce released a report stating that psychologists may take part in interrogations and in other security-related activities as long as they act in accordance to the code of ethics. It further reiterated that the taskforce is not assigned to conduct any investigations; hence, the report focused only on the 12 statements outlining the psychologist’s obligations in a national security setting (Behnk, 2006). The release if these statements did not put an end to the media’s and other professionals’ criticisms. This further raised questions and invoked movements to change the association’s policies. Questioning APA’s Actions and Stand The American Psychologists Association supports the involvement of psychologists in military. In the advent of these disturbing reports, the PENS task force was created simply to come up with a guideline regarding psychologist’s activity within a military or security related setting. Hence, the task force released only a report containing a vague and ambiguous guideline. Despite its claims that each of the PENS, task force statements was based on the association’s code of ethics, a conflict still arises between the code and the guideline (Summers, 2007). According to the ethics code, whenever a conflict is between the principles of the code of ethics and the order comes up, the order may be followed (cited in Summers, 2007). However, the PENS task force report suggests the violation of these orders when basic human rights are not followed. This conflict may even used to justify torturous interrogations (Summers, 2007). Moreover, the report did not contain any specific acts or treatment that should not be utilized during interrogations. It also did not state any sanction or action to prevent psychologists from getting involved in torture. This only strengthens the notion that the APA wishes to continue its involvement in Guantanamo. The involvement of the psychologist in a detaining facility like the one in Guantanamo is already a violation of the professional code of ethics. However, the previous president, Dr. Levant, reported the opposite after visiting Guantanamo in 2005(Summers, 2007). He claimed making observations by only talking with psychologists, who assured him that every action is bound by the ethical guidelines (Soldz, 2006). Without the interaction with the detainees, the APA president’s observation is invalid. Contrary to Levant’s observation is a report issued by the United Nations Commission on human rights that documented violations of the Geneva Convention and a breach of professional ethics (Summers, 2007) . Moreover, according to a New England Journal of Medicine article written by Gregg Bloche and Jonathan Marks, interrogation at Guantanamo often utilizes increased amounts of stress that constitutes torture. Examples of these counter-resistance measures are â€Å"sleep deprivation, prolonged isolation, painful body position, feigned suffocation, and beatings† (cited in Soldz, 2006). The mere occurrence of these acts in Guantanamo implies that psychologists neglect their ethical responsibility of reporting such abusive measures to appropriate authorities. One cannot argue on the lack of awareness on these occurrences as some of the proponents of these measures are psychologists (Soldz, 2006). In an editorial written by Gerald Koocher, APA’s new president, in The Monitor, he defended psychologists employed under detaining facilities. He further attacked the allegations as simply based on speculations and rumors. He also stated that those who criticize psychologists’ involvement in the military cannot provide data to support their allegations. The lack of names and other data supports his consistent position that these reports are merely rumors (cited in Summers, 2007). The lack of names and data does not justify his claim that these allegations are merely speculations. It is known for a fact that the identities of these psychologists are concealed for security purposes (Soldz, 2006). Dismissing these reports as merely rumors clearly shows the association’s lack of interest in the validation of theses allegations. They simply do not want to find out the truth about the abuses in the applications of psychology in a security-related setting. It only strengthens the notion that the APA supports this involvement and that the relationship with the Department of Defense is their primary concern (Summers, 2007). APA’s Position Clarified Pyschologists’ involvement in these facilities is also being questioned: whether or not there is a breach of their professional code of ethics. Hoping to drive away the attention from the association, the APA created the PENS task force. The PENS task force issued its final report on a vague and ambiguous guideline, which in part is in conflict with their code of ethics. Moreover, the report only showed the association’s support on the psychologists’ involvement in such facilities. The report did not even outline prohibited treatments. Protection was also given to the military psychologist by both the previous and current president of the association. By taking this course of actions, the APA clearly shows it no intentions of validation the allegations of the human rights violations. Moreover, the existence of these conflicts between the guideline and the code of ethics provide a loophole for the justification of each inhumane act. Hence, people are left without a guarantee that these behavioral scientists would not breach their code of ethics and would not be involved in torturous acts in such facilities. References The American Society of International Law. (nd). The Definition(s) of torture in International Law. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from asil. org/is060630/Rodley_Def_Torture_paper_06_06_30. pdf. Counter Punch. (2006, August 1). A Profession Struggles to Save Its Soul Psychologists, Guantanamo and Torture. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from counterpunch. org/soldz0812006. html. Benke, S. (2006). Psychological ethics and national security: The position of the American Psychological Association, European Psychologist, 11, 153-156. Summers, F. (2007). Psychoanalysis, The American Psychological Association, and the Involvement of Psychologists at Guantanamo Bay. Psychoanalysis, Culture Society, 12, 82-93.

Scotch Whisky Industry in the UK and in particular, William Grant & Essay

Scotch Whisky Industry in the UK and in particular, William Grant & Sons - Essay Example Homogeneity in the needs of the market therefore is the unifying factor in creating better international markets. This argument is contended by others that believe an international market is impossible to exist since there are several dynamic differences in the trends of various nations. The growth of trading agreements in certain regions has constantly developed and become a source of interaction in business and marketing strategies creating trading relationships between countries (Stalk et al 1980). 2.0 Balvenie in the UK. Such bodies as the North American Free Trade Arrangement, the European Union and others are forms of regional trade agreements that have been formed over the years of international marketing development. These bodies work on eliminating region trade barriers to allow other organizations without those regions trade freely within each other’s borders. These relationships are advantageous in allowing the companies engaged in international trade to obtain econ omies of scale while consumers of their goods enjoy low prices and access to a variety of products. These trading regions create free movement of labor and resources among other advantages. Engagement in international trade is therefore more of an advantageous venture for greater success in companies and have more advantages to disadvantages. Organizations like Grant and Sons are among the firms involved in the free international trade operations that are an expansion to the business in the long run. The firms gain in advantage from free movement and labor. The firms as well engage themselves in further customization of the products that creates better quality in the products sold such as the whisky distilled by Grant and Sons organization in the various outlets of the company’s distilling plants (Zuckerman et al 1998). The extensions of the Grant company into the international market is a cause for the exciting entrepreneurial environment created by interactions in joint ven tures with companies such as Remy Cointreau and third party agreements in UK Portugal. This kind of ventures have also given motivation and confidence to the organization from acceptance by the market outside their own country. 2.1 The Scotch whisky industry in the UK. Scotch whisky has over the years only been matured and distilled in one country which is Scotland. This brand has grown from a simple cottage industry to being the sole global supplier in over 210 countries. Changes created in bid to make international ventures include complete changes or adjustments in the administration and organizational structure. The management approach incorporated involves the geocentric approach suggested by Permulter (1969) that brings about a more globally integrated management system. Despite the successes of Scotch whisky, the industry requires methods that grow every day to maintain the position of top quality as an unchallenged player. This will involve customization of the brands by see king customer response to quality. It is important that the industry carries out an area study of the people it supplies with whisky in order to realize options of expansion. 2.2 William Grant and Sons in the UK. William Grant and Sons is a great contributor to the whisky industry in the UK. It is characterized by authenticity in its production. William Grant and Sons utilizes its own water from springs in production process and its own grown barley

You Tube as a Cultural Form Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

You Tube as a Cultural Form - Essay Example Understanding effects of media in the changing world and engaging in media study require â€Å"illustrating the dynamic symmetries† of various media like the press, radio, or television. (McLuhan 172). It is relevant to understand the repercussions of the Internet as a new form of a public sphere and to understand how the networked future might be different from what we have known about the new mode of public interaction and opinion making. YouTube remains an interesting study in marketing a consumer internet service in the changing scenario of mass media. Its reach, ubiquity, and sheer volume of content, everything from dumb home movies to glossy commercial calling cards, make it â€Å"easily dismissible as merely the latest purveyor of trivial, banal, repetitious distractions for an eagerly narcotized booboisie† (Cloud). In this context, it is essential to examine whether YouTube, as a socio-cultural medium, appropriates and exploits other media or not. All social changes contain elements of continuity and assertion of novelty is always a tricky enterprise. Our speech, print, and audio-visual media have always constituted the structures and frameworks for the objective of social setup, as these media act as a powerful instrument capable of imposing its assumptions on our modes of perception. In the electronic age understanding the effect of media in social change involve shaping and transfer of opinion and illustrating the dynamic symmetries of their operation on man and society.

The Glaxosmithkline Merger: Analysis

The Glaxosmithkline Merger: Analysis Introduction Mergers are not new in pharmaceutical industry in the recent years and the same for both Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham throughout each others history. Considering the political, social and economic resistance, the general driving forces for these mergers in this industry are, more firms showed interest in using strategic partnerships and joint ventures to develop and market new products. Though pharmaceutical holds a global market, the US market decided the growth of the industry as it holds 45% of the global market. So not surprisingly the US political, social and economic resisted and delivered a strong impact on the growth of the whole pharmaceutical industry. However Pfizers merger pushed Glaxo SmithKline to 2nd rank in the industry, they were number one immediately after their merger. So the business changes of the organisation had a heavy impact on the whole pharmaceutical industry. So this paper had assessed the reason for the merger and extend the aims of the merger is achieved. Background of SmithKline Beecham: SmithKline Beecham resulted from the merger of SmithKline Beckman (SKB) and Beecham. Beecham was well known for its traditional research strength whereas SKB was known for its aggressive sales force in US. Though the process of merger was lengthy, the change from more laid British approach of Beecham to process oriented working was success. The new company tried to keep up with critical mass but they lacked in budgeting RD, which was the real constrain for companys growth. Background of Glaxo Wellcome: Glaxo Wellcomes birth was from Glaxos takeover of Wellcome in 1995. Glaxo was well known for its strong marketing approach, commercial success of its RD efforts and blockbuster product Zantac whereas Wellcome is non-profit medical institution well known for its academic approach to pharmaceuticals. Though there were several clashes between Wellcomes laid back management style and Glaxos hard-nosed, commercial and control driven culture, with the help of economic of scale in RD activities, Glaxo reduced the conflicts and resistance. However the companys growths in producing blockbuster products were lacking. 1. Reasons for the Glaxo SmithKline Merger: Merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham was a global one. The merger was a unique all over the world and various divisions of both the companies merged in around 170 countries in 2000, expect Pakistan. The merger came through after UK court order in January 2000; however it happened in Pakistan only on 23rd October 2002. So the merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham in Pakistan was the off shoot of the global merger of the companies. There were six reasons which compelled both the legendary companies to go for the merge and to build a leading company in the entire pharmaceutical industry. The reasons for merging up together were: To reduce the Research Development pipeline. To reduce the Research Development cost. Drug reimbursement issues. Political pressures and growing concerns over drug prices. Patent expirations / Generic competition. Recent developments in biotechnology and the mapping of the human genome. The right theme and idea backing the merger was, to improve quality of human life for enabling people to do more, feel better, live longer. As both the companies holds the strength in more similar kind of field that is, developing drugs for infectious respiratory neurological gastrointestinal and metabolic disease, they want to lead the way in providing treatment for the same. Apart from the above field, the join company appeared to be the worlds leading producers of prescription medicine, vaccine and consumer health care products. So they planned for delivering innovative medicines and products that help billions of people round the world live longer, healthier and happier life. The whole pharmaceutical industry was focusing and investing in RD as it delivers modern ways to handle prolonging problems and helps in the long term growth of the industry. The hunger to deliver medicines for new diseases made the join group (GlaxoSmithKline) to pay more attention in RD and wished to reduce the number of products in the pipeline of RD. Though both companies produced similar kind of drugs and so integrating their products line was very obvious, the process demanded more time and efforts. This was mainly because; both had more number of products in the pipeline and hardly had blockbuster products in market. Still the management believed that the time for working on new diseases will be reduces by working together on lesser products. And in general all research and development evolves a risk of failure. Not that each compounds and all research towards developing new drugs for a targeted diseases comes out as success but in turn consumes high time, efforts and money. B ut the RD is the only answer for the long term growth of both the joint company and the industry. So sticking to mission and vision of the new company, GSK has decided to focus of RD but in a different way of approach .i.e. cost saving, economics of scale and licensing from other firms. Apart from these, a PEST analysis on the pharmaceutical industry will give a clear picture and highlight the hidden reason for the recent merger activities in industry and in particular GSK. PEST Analysis on Pharmaceutical Industry: Political: Considering the Medicare in USA and UKs National Health Service, the level of political interest developed in this industry can be determined. In addition USA and European market hold the first and second place of industrys global market respectively. So its very clear that the industry has gained a massive political attention because of the increasing social and financial burden of healthcare and safety. In the increased political attention on the industry, has kept the industry low to live up the expectation and their interference on most moves of the industry was a really worrying the giants of the industry. Also the pressure of civil in rapid delivery of products has kept their quality and the industry finds hard in delivering effective products. Economic: The economic growth of the industry was rapid in recent years and next to IT industry with nine geographic markets account for over 80% of global pharmaceutical sales these are US, Japan, France, Germany, UK, Italy, Canada, Brazil and Spain. Of the above listed markets, US market holds a major one and fastest too however there is down fall in 2009. The US Pharmaceutical Industry is one of the mainstays of the Economy of America. It has been observed that the US Pharmaceutical Industry is growing at a rapid pace and is showing no signs of slowing down. The US Pharmaceutical Industry Growth is also considered as a very significant part in the world pharmaceutical industry as well. Source: http://www.economywatch.com/world-industries/pharmaceutical/us.html According to analysis, in 2009, global pharmaceutical sales increased by only 2.5% ~ 3.5%, reaching a total of about 750 billion-760 billion U.S. dollars, which is lower than in October last year the growth rate of 4.5% to 5.5%, a total of 8200 the forecast 100 million U.S. dollars. This growth rate is the lowest in the past 25 years. Source: http://www.sourcejuice.com/1169843/2009/05/08/Growth-rate-global-pharmaceutical-industry-lower/ Social: Every industry tries to have a good social relation. But this industry is many steps forward than the other industries because; good health is an important personal and social requirement. All the companies of this industry hold and play a vital and unique role fulfilling societys need for good health. And threat of some killing diseases like, AIDS, SWINE FLU, SARS etc. had not only attracted the attention of public and media but developed a more depending and demanding situation on the industry. This immense situation has made the industry to maintain direct relation with the society (consumers) with the help of media and government care. Technological: The advance scientific technologies have increased the need for high spending in research and development in regards to encourage the innovation. The growth of technology drives the industry to responds faster to the expectation of the environment. This technology advancement evolves both risks and rewards. Legal Environment: However in current situation, government involves the industry in the proposal for regulatory outflows to encourage the innovation, these legal and regulatory affairs of US in special was a speed beaker for the development of the industry. European pharmaceutical giants really struggled in this situation. Sykess statement summarized how Europes pharmaceutical companies have been locked in a high stakes multibillion dollar struggle with their US rivals to stay in business in the 21st century. This struggle is associated with increased takeover activity and pharmaceutical companies seeking economies of scale to finance escalating research and development budgets. Source: Case study GSK a merger too far? Exploring Corporate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes Whittington. 2. To what extent have the aims of Glaxo SmithKline merger been achieved? Some of the aims of the newly formed Glaxo SmithKline were, Not to protect future earnings growth but actually to increase critical mass to really outperform the industry. To become the indisputable leader in the industry in terms of conquering the challenges that the industry faces. To deliver innovative products that helps millions of people in the world to live longer, healthier and happier. To achieve the aims, the management formed a new structure for RD, highlighting the cost reductions and breaking of pipeline. However, the lack of focus on general organisational structure and internal management structure resulted in low returns compared to the estimate one. To handle the situation, the all the long terms aims has left unfocused and the management tried to recover the company from the sudden-death syndrome. This clearly gives an evidence for Glaxo SmithKlines downfall form the anticipated growth. The inability of GSK in producing blockbuster products, joint hand with the above described situation made things worse. Focusing on employees and other internal management issues in the later part helped the company to handle the global resisting issues and focus on their long term goals. Analysing GSKs stock market performance (1998 2003), tells that GSK failed to touch the anticipated heights and were only able to sail along with the industry growth. Based on the Lewins force field model, the driving forces of GSK were not too enough to overcome the resistance for change and thus failed to achieve the fixed target. Evidence for GSK loses record: In the first year of post-merger, GSK claimed 12% increase in pharama industry, with the help of cost savings and disposal of assets. The firm anticipated double the level of saving in the next year. The health care grew only 3%. They fail to record returns in RD in spite of combined RD budget and investment. It also failed to deliver blockbuster product to enhance the revenue. Instead to maintain the tempo, the management kept buying 40 licenses from other companies. GSK has shed more than 15,000 jobs; Managers were unable to retain the talent that resides on the firms. Instead of creating a powerhouse, research was split into smaller, autonomous units. (Abrahams, 1992 p.22) GSKs new radical structure was a response to a series of failures in research at the two merger partners. (Dyer, G., 2002 p.3). The new radical structure resulted James Palmer (Head Development) resignation in October 2002. At the AGM on 19 May 2003, GSK shareholders rejected a motion regarding a  £22 million pay and benefits package for CEO, JP Garnier. This was the first time such a rebellion by shareholders against a major British company has occurred, but was regarded as a possible turning point against other so-called fat cat deals within executive pay structure. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline In November 2005, AIDS Healthcare Foundation accused the company of boosting its short-term monopoly profit by not increasing production of the anti-AIDS drug AZT despite a surge in demand, hence creating a shortage that affected many AIDS patients in Africa. GSK announced that it had halted clinical trials of the CCR5 entry inhibitor, aplaviroc (GW873140), in HIV-infected, treatment-naive patients because of concerns about severe hepatotoxicity.[27] In June 2006 GSK said it was further cutting, by about 30%, the not-for-profit prices it charges for some of these medicines in the worlds poorest countries. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline To analyse, extend the aims of the merger have been achieved; SWOT analysis is done on the joint company, Glaxo SmithKline. Remuneration lenient explicitly SWOT Analysis Glaxo SmithKline: Strengths High potential staffs and experienced managers. Wide-ranging set of documents in health sector. Strong platform in health care division. Strong market position Focus to concentrate and develop leadership in Public relations i.e. to strengthen the social context of the environment. Modern hospital system, Clear public health and health care service purchasing Balanced finance in the health sector Strong IT development Product development track record. Weaknesses Lack of clear and wide perspective .goals to achieve the aims Weak bond among health care, public health and social care. Inability to cope with the cost increases. Low brand value for its products. Inefficiency in motivating the experienced leader and thus failing to make maximum use of the potential staffs. Lack of viable training and management skills. Not an efficient HR strategy in retaining key professionals. Lack of right proposition of various competences. Co-marketing agreements can limit GSKs global presence. With mass RD, inability to produce blockbuster products. Opportunities Technological development Social changes and challenges. Economic growth of the industry (immediately next to IT industry). Free movement of goods, services, labour. Developing vaccines for persistent diseases chance to have craic. Empowerment of citizens and their greater engagement Threats Patent expiry on drugs that generate strong income Ageing and demographic change. Safety issues surrounding the products. Ecological and public health threats. Expectations of the raising population As the RD of global rivals work on similar products in most of the cases, the competition is high and much demanding. Emerging of potential regional market like China and India. Political pressure in fixing the price for new drugs, which fails to fulfil even the research cost. Ever increasing cost of drug trials and ever higher standards imposed by national drug approvals bodies (Aspirin would not get approval if invented today!) Conclusion: Thought there are several giants in the industry, similar to the current situation, there was an uncertain situation during the period of early 90s. And to overcome that uncertain situation, most of the firms in the industry move themselves towards the strategy Mergers and acquisition. But, as there is always a saying that not all mergers works, most of the mergers in the industry fail to achieve the anticipated growth and I feel Glaxo SmithKline is the right example for the scenario. GSK believed that bigger the size, bigger the growth and bigger earning. But it failed to realise bigger the size, bigger the expectation, bigger pressure and failing to handle the pressure and keep the expectation will reflect badly. Various merger analyse debated, though GSK claim some success through cost saving and pipeline synergies, the aimed and announced growth was not received in terms of market. So I conclude that, the merger served the company only in short term success and failed to achieve the aims of the merger. Reference and Source: http://www.ucc.ie/quality/INTERNET/PESTAnalysis.pdf www.gsk.com Johnson G, Scholes K and Whittington R (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy, (Prentice Hall) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline#cite_note-43 http://www.wikiswot.com/SWOT/4_User_Generated/GlaxoSmithKline.html http://www.allfreeessays.com/essays/Gsk-Swot-Analysis/114901.html Mullins L.J. (2007), Management and Organisational Behaviour, Eighth Edition, Great Britain, Pearson education limited. http://www.pwc.com/us/en/issues/business-combinations/publications/snapshot-mergers-acquisitions-business-combinations.jhtml http://www.startupbizhub.com/company-mergers-and-acquisitions.htm

The Battle of Bunker Hill Essay -- War, Power, Turmoil

Taking place in 1775, at the start of the Revolutionary War, the Battle of Bunker Hill was a needed victory early in the war to get the soldiers to believe in themselves. Many soldiers in the beginning of the war did not believe that the lowly colonists could defeat and declare independence from a superpower; Britain. Although outnumbered and with little confidence, the continental army stood their ground at the Battle of Bunker Hill and proved that they could win the war. The colonies were in a state of turmoil. They had to pay extravagant taxes, but they also were not counted as Britain’s â€Å"people.† The colonies tried to obtain peace with documents such as the Olive Branch Petition, but were refused many times. So after many attempts at peace and tolerating many unfair taxations plus having to house British soldiers without having a voice, the colonists rendezvous at the 2nd Continental Congress debated whether or not to attack the British Redcoats; they were sick and tired of having to tolerate this tyranny. In the 1st Continental Congress, the leaders of the colonies, minus Georgia, met at Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in response to the Intolerable Acts passed because of the Boston Tea Party. The outcome was for peace, and so, King George was offered an olive branch. King George refused the proposal and the colonists became angry. On April 19 of 1775, the colonists’ minutemen and the redcoats, whi ch were soldiers on the British side, clashed at Lexington and Concord. The first bullet fired was â€Å"The shot heard around the world.† The war had begun. On May 10, Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys seize Fort Ticonderoga. Then after the Second Continental Congress on the same day, George Washington, the new... ...nd and stood up to the full might of the British army and caused them severe casualties, the British finally acknowledged them and declared a full-out war. In the beginning, most colonists didn’t want to fight due to this battle, they were ready. They were ready to win the war and gain what they wanted the most; independence and a voice. Works Cited "Battle of Bunker Hill Begins." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. . "11d. Bunker Hill." Bunker Hill [ushistory.org]. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. . Deverell, William and Deborah Gray White. United States History. Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2006. Englar, Mary. The Battle of Bunker Hill. Minneapolis, MN: Compass Point, 2007.

Explain Kants Ethical theories Essay

Kant’s ethical theory is an absolute and deontological theory. This means that humans are seeking the ultimate end called the supreme good also known as the ‘summon Bonnum’. Kant says that morality is a categorical imperative, this is a duty which must always be obeyed in all possible situations. A categorical imperative is what is needed to find what is right or wrong. Kant argued that to act morally is to do one’s duty, and one’s duty is to obey the moral law. Kant also believe that there was no room for emotion. Kant believe that categorical imperative helps us to know which actions are obligatory and which are forbidden. There are three principles within the categorical imperatives these include Universal law, Treat humans as ends In themselves and Act as if you live in a kingdom of ends. Universal law is putting minority views first. If it is wrong for one person than it is wrong for everyone. An action must not be carried out unless the person believes that the same situation all people would act in the same way. Treat humans as ends in themselves is respecting a person. This means that you can never use human beings for another purpose or to exploit or enslave them, this is because humans are the highest point of creation and demand unique treatment. Act as if you live in a kingdom of ends, this means treat all with respect. Kant believed that all of these helped to create ‘maxims’. A maxim is an absolute moral statement about a universal truth. For example a maxim: Murder is wrong. Therefore it is a universal rule that murdering anyone is wrong. Kant believes that we can only be true moral agents if we are free to make our own decisions. He argues that our freedom to make rational choices is what separates us from animals. He says that is you can do something, you should be able to do something, and if you cannot do something it is unfair to be asked. E.g. it is unfair to ask someone in a wheelchair to run a marathon.

The Writing In Things Fall Apart - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 689 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Things Fall Apart Essay Did you like this example? The writing in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, is different than what I normally read. I think this has to do with the proverbs that are used. Achebe uses lyrical and visual language through the use of proverbs and short stories to provide a photographic view of the Ibos culture. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Writing In Things Fall Apart" essay for you Create order Yam, the king of crops, was a very exacting king. For three or four moons it demanded hard work and constant attention from the cock-crow till the chickens went back to roost (Achebe, 35). Goldings writing in Lord of the Flies is also lyrical but less staccato than Achebe. Golding uses ornate words, rich in vivid detail and symbolism. I can relate and understand his style of writing as it is written in a non-biblical format as Achebes, Things Fall Apart. Here the beach was interrupted abruptly by the square motif of the landscape; a great platform of pink granite thrust up uncompromisingly through forest and terrace and sand and lagoon to make a raised jetty four feet high. The top of this was covered with a thin layer of soil and coarse grass and shaded with young palm trees. There was not enough soil for them to grow to any height, and when they reached perhaps twenty feet they fell and dried, forming a criss-cross pattern of trunks, very convenient to sit on (Golding, 12). Both stories, Things Fall Apart and Lord of the Flies, are written in third person with an omniscient point of view. They have similar downfalls caused by manipulative characters trying to gain control of the other people. In Things Fall Apart, the missionaries arrive and eventually take control of people through the use of religion, resulting in the death of Okonkwo. The arrival of the missionaries has caused a considerable stir among the village of Mbanta (Achebe, 144). In Lord of the Flies, Jack uses hunting to gain control of the Ralphs tribe. Kill the pig, cut her throat, spill the blood (Golding, 69) was the chant led by Jack as his hunters killed the first pig. Achebes tone is predictive in the title he uses, Things Fall Apart. The story, written as a tragedy, describes Osonkwos fall from greatness through the invasion from outsiders. Achebes tone is clear, descriptive and at the end sympathetic toward the Umuofia. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart (Achebe, 130). Unlike Achebe, Goldings pessimistic and violent tone is used to reveal his perspective on the nature of men in Lord of the Flies. The story is written as an adventure to see what boys, free from rules, will do to survive on a stranded island. Arent there any grownups at all? I dont think so. The fair boy said solemnly; but then the delight of a realized ambition overcame him. In the middle of the scar he stood on his head and grinned at the reversed fat boy. No grownups (Golding, 7-8). Both authors create an element of change in civilization written as a fear of the unknown. In the beginning of the story, Lord of the Flies, the boys are overjoyed about living without the rules and the guidance of adults. But as times passes, the boys begin to weaken without the limits and values imposed upon them by adults and the civilization they once knew. Awful things has been done on this island What ya going to do, Ralph (Golding, 170)? This is also true in Achebes, Things Fall Apart. The society as Okonkwo understood was destroyed by the introduction of a civilized group. When the missionaries arrived, changes in personalities occurred within the village people as they were familiarized to a new way of religion and life. The white man is very clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. Now he has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart (Achebe, 176). This fear of the unknown resulted in savagery of characters in both stories.